Section 15005 DUCTILE IRON PIPE

Section 15005

DUCTILE IRON PIPE

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 THE REQUIREMENT

A. Ductile iron pipe for water and other liquids shall be furnished in the sizes, classes, grades, or nominal thickness and joint types as specified herein or indicated on the Drawings.

B. It shall be the responsibility of the CONTRACTOR to furnish and install all ductile iron piping systems specified herein and as shown on the Drawings. Each system shall be installed complete with all required fittings, hangers, supports, anchors, expansion joints, flexible connections, valves, wall castings, sleeves, and accessories to provide a functional system as specified.

C. The CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for all insulation, lining and coating, piping identification, testing, cleaning, disinfecting, excavation, backfill and/or encasement specified herein or shown on the Drawings.

D. The CONTRACTOR shall furnish all tools, equipment, materials, and supplies and shall perform all labor necessary to provide a complete installation of ductile iron pipe as shown on the Drawings and specified herein.

1.2 RELATED WORK SPECIFIED ELSEWHERE

A. The requirements of the following sections and divisions apply to the Work of this section. Other sections and divisions of the Specifications, not referenced below, shall also apply to the extent required for proper performance of this Work.

1. Section 02200, Earthwork

2. Section 02666, Water Pipeline Testing and Disinfection

3. Section 09800, Protective Coating

4. Section 15000, Piping, General

5. Section 15020, Pipe Supports

6. Section 15030, Piping Identification Systems

7. Section 15100, Valves, General

8. Section 15250, Pipe and Equipment Insulation

1.3 REFERENCE SPECIFICATIONS, CODES, AND STANDARDS

A. All Work specified herein shall conform to or exceed the applicable requirements of the referenced portions of the following publications to the extent that the provisions thereof are not in conflict with other provisions of these Specifications.

B. Comply with the applicable editions of the following codes, regulations and standards.

1.	Industry Standards: ASME B16.1	Gray Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
		(Classes 25, 125, and 250)
	ASTM A 47	Standard Specification for Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings
	ASTM A 48	Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings
	ASTM A 183	Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Track Bolts and Nuts
	ASTM A 194	Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both
	ASTM A 536	Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Castings
	ASTM C 283	Standard Test Methods for Resistance of Porcelain Enameled Utensils to Boiling Acid
	ASTM D 16	Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
	ASTM D 714	Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of Paints
	ASTM D 792	Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
	ASTM D 2000	Standard Classification System for Rubber Products in Automotive Applications
	ASTM D 2794	Standard Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)
	ASTM E 96	Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials
	ASTM G 62	Standard Test Methods for Holiday Detection in Pipeline Coatings
	ASTM G 154	Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus for UV Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
	AWWA C104/A21.4	Cement-Mortar Lining for Ductile-Iron Pipe and Fittings for Water

AWWA C105/A21.5 Polyethylene Encasement for Ductile-Iron Pipe

Systems

AWWA C110/A21.10 Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings

AWWA C111/A21.11 Rubber-Gasket Joints for Ductile-Iron Pressure

Pipe and Fittings

AWWA C115/A21.15 Flanged Ductile-Iron Pipe with Ductile-Iron or

Gray-Iron Threaded Flanges

AWWA C150/A21.50 Thickness Design of Ductile-Iron Pipe

AWWA C151/A21.51 Ductile-Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Cast, for Water

AWWA C153/A21.53 Ductile-Iron Compact Fittings for Water Service

AWWA C600 Installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and

Their Appurtenances

AWWA C606 Grooved and Shouldered Joints

2. Other Standards:

SSPC Society for Protective Coatings (formerly Steel

Structures Painting Council)

C. Comply with the applicable reference Specifications as directed in the General

Requirements and Additional General Requirements.

1.4 CONTRACTOR SUBMITTALS

A. The CONTRACTOR shall submit complete shop drawings for acceptance in accordance with the General Requirements, Additional General Requirements and as specified herein.

B. Shop drawings shall include all ductile iron pipe, fittings, gaskets, couplers, hangers, supports, wall castings, sleeves, and all required appurtenances indicated on the Drawings or as specified herein necessary to provide a complete, operable piping system as specified.

C. The CONTRACTOR shall submit for review and acceptance complete piping lay-out drawings showing piping, fittings, couplers, hangers, supports, wall castings, sleeves, and all required appurtenances. Layout drawings shall indicate any and all interfaces with other systems being installed.

D. It is the responsibility of the CONTRACTOR to coordinate all Work being performed and review all shop drawings to insure that no unnecessary interference exist.

E. The CONTRACTOR shall submit as part of the shop drawings for ductile iron piping a statement from the pipe manufacturer certifying that all pipes is being fabricated per the requirements of these Specifications.

F. Grooved joint couplings and fittings shall be shown on product submittals and shall be specifically identified with the applicable style or series designation.

1.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE A. General:

1. Inspection of ductile iron pipe manufacturing, grooving, lining and coating shall be at the discretion of the ENGINEER.

2. The CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for providing access to manufacturing and/or fabricating facilities at all times when so requested by the ENGINEER.

3. Manufacturer shall perform hydrostatic testing on pipe in conformance with

AWWA C151/A21.51.

4. Each pipe shall have clearly marked on each piece the words "DUCTILE IRON", the weight, class (nominal thickness) and the casting date.

5. Each piece of grooved end pipe shall have the groove type (flexible or rigid)

clearly marked on each end of the pipe.

6. All grooved products shall be of a single manufacturer. Gaskets for grooved systems shall be of the same manufacturer.

7. All castings used for coupling housings fittings, valve bodies, etc. shall be date stamped for quality assurance and traceability.

1.6 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND SHIPPING

A. Pipe, fittings, and accessories shall be handled in a manner that will ensure installation in sound, undamaged condition. Equipment, tools, and methods used in handling and installing pipe and fittings shall not damage the pipe and fittings. Hooks inserted in ends of pipe shall have broad, well-padded contact surfaces. Unpadded hooks, wire brushes or other abrasive tools shall not be permitted to come into contact with polyethylene lining when it is specified.

B. CONTRACTOR furnished pipe and fittings in which the lining has been damaged shall be replaced by and at the expense of CONTRACTOR. With the concurrence of ENGINEER, small and readily accessible damaged areas may be repaired.

C. If the lining of OCSD furnished pipe or fittings is damaged by CONTRACTOR during unloading or handling, the damaged pipe or fittings shall be replaced by and at the expense of CONTRACTOR. Where the damaged areas are small and readily accessible, CONTRACTOR may be permitted to repair the lining.

D. CONTRACTOR shall repair any damage to pipe coatings before the pipe is installed.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

A. All pipe and fittings shall be carefully examined for cracks and other defects prior to shipment. All defective pipe and fittings shall be rejected and replaced.

B. All pipe and equipment shall be supported in accordance with Section 15020, Pipe

Supports, of these Specifications.

2.2 DUCTILE IRON PIPE

A. General: Ductile iron pipe shall be manufactured in accordance with ANSI/AWWA A21.51/C151. Gaskets shall be synthetic rubber. Natural rubber will not be acceptable. For potable water service, gaskets shall be certified as suitable for chlorinated and chloraminated potable water; a certificate of gasket suitability shall be submitted.

B. Thickness: The class of ductile iron pipe shall be as indicated in the Pipe Schedule on the drawings. The specified class includes corrosion allowance and casting allowance.

Pipe wall thickness for grooved and threaded pipe shall be increased if necessary to comply with the following minimum thickness:

Pipe Size (inches)	Minimum Thickness Class
	Threaded Ends(1)	Grooved Ends(2)
4-16	53	53
18	53	54
20	53	55
24	53	56
30-54	53	--
60 & 64	350	--

(1) Complies with ANSI/AWWA C115/A21.15 for minimum pipe wall thickness for threaded flanges.

(2) Grooved couplings are cataloged through 24 inch in AWWA C606; larger sizes require cast-on or threaded-on shoulders.

2.3 MECHANICAL AND PUSH-ON JOINTS

A. Mechanical joints and push-on joints for ductile iron pipe and fittings shall conform to AWWA C111/A21.11. Flanged fittings shall conform to AWWA C110/A21.10. all elbows shall be long radius. Compact fittings are not acceptable.

1. Manufacturers, push-on joints:

a. U.S Pipe and Foundry Company, Tyton Joints. b. American Cast Iron Pipe Company, Fastite.

c. CLOW Flanged/Fabricated Pipe Products, Coshocton, Ohio. d. Or Equal

2. Manufacturers, Restrained Joints:

a. U.S Pipe and Foundry Company, TR Flex.

b. American Cast Iron Pipe Company. Flex-Ring or Lok-Fast. c. CLOW Flanged/Fabricated Pipe Products, Super/Lock.

d. Victaulic:

(1) Depend O Lok FxF.

(2) Grooved flexible or rigid. d. Or Equal.

3. Manufacturers, Restrained Mechanical Joints, Or Equal:

a. Factory prepared spigot (as required), American “MJ Coupled Joints”, or

Griffin “Bolt-Lok or “Mech-Loc”.

b. Field cut spigot (as required), EBBA Iron “Megalug” Series 1100, without exception.

c. Victaulic:

(1) Depend O Lok FxF or FxF Dynamic. (2) Grooved flexible or rigid.

B. Wall Castings: Mechanical joint with water stop and tapped holes; single casting or fabricated ductile iron, if not indicated on the drawing otherwise. All holes shall be sized in accordance with the details on the Drawings and shall be provided with removable plugs.

C. Mechanical Joints with Tie Rods: See details on Drawings.

Tie Rods ASTM A307

Steel Pipe ASTM A53, standard weight

Washers ANSI B18.22.1, plain steel

D. Fittings: All ductile iron rubber gasket, push-on, mechanical, and flanged joint fittings shall be manufactured in accordance with AWWA C110/A21.10.

2.4 GROOVED-END FITTINGS AND JOINTS

A. Fittings for use with grooved-end ductile iron pipe shall be cast iron conforming to ASTM A 48, Class 30-A, or ductile iron conforming to ASTM A 536, Grade 60-45-10 unless otherwise specified. Fittings shall conform to the dimensional requirements of AWWA C110/A21.10, except for end preparation.

B. Grooves in pipe and fittings shall be "rigid radius cut" in accordance with the coupling manufacturer's recommendations. Field grooving is not permitted except as stated in Part 3 of this Specification. Pipe up to size 16 inches to be grooved by cutting shall have a wall thickness not less than thickness Class 53 and for all pipe, not less than the minimum recommended by the coupling manufacturer for cut grooving.

C. Couplings shall be self-centering and shall engage and lock the grooved pipe and pipe fitting ends in place in a positive watertight couple. Coupling housing clamps shall be fabricated in two or more parts of malleable iron castings conforming to ASTM A 47, Grade 32510, or ductile iron castings conforming to ASTM A 536, Grade 60-45-10. Coupling assemblies shall be securely held together by two or more steel bolts and nuts of heat-treated carbon steel. Bolts and nuts shall be in accordance with ASTM A 183 and A 194, Grade 2.

D. Couplings shall hold in place a gasket designed so that internal pressure serves to increase the seal's watertightness. Unless otherwise specified, gaskets shall be made of chlorinated butyl in accordance with ASTM D 2000, Grade No. M3BA615A14B13 with special heat-resistance test of 16 hours at 350 degrees F and maximum elongation change of minus 30 percent.

E. Connections to valves and flanged-end pipe shall be by grooved-end to flanged pipe adapter or flanged adapter nipple.

F. All grooved-end fittings used shall be the product of the same manufacturer as the coupling.

G. Manufacturers, Or Equal:

1. Victaulic Company of America.

2. Gustin-Bacon Mfg. Company.

2.5 FLANGES

A. Flanges may be cast integrally with the pipe or screwed on the threaded ends of the pipe, and shall conform to ASME B16.1, Class 150, or where required, Class 250, regarding diameter, thickness, drilling, etc.

B. Screwed-on flanges shall have long hubs, which are threaded and designed for ductile iron pipe and shall be thickness Class 53, minimum. Screwed-on flanges shall be attached to the pipe in the shop. After attachment, the ends of the pipe shall be refaced to be even with the faces of the flanges.

C. Where cap screws or stud bolts are required, flanges shall be provided with tapped holes for such cap screws or stud bolts. Bolts shall conform to ASME B16.1. Bolts that are installed in underground applications, exposed to sewer gas, or located above or in water shall be Type 316 stainless steel.

D. Flanged joints shall be made up with full-face gaskets 1/8 inch thick as manufactured by Garlock, John Crane, Or Equal.

2.6 LINING AND COATING A. General:

1. All ductile iron pipes shall be lined and coated as indicated on the pipe schedule on the drawings and incompliance with the Protective Coating specification section 09800.

2. Buried ductile iron pipe and fittings shall be shop coated on the outside with a one mil thick asphaltic coating per AWWA C151/A21.51 for ductile iron pipe, AWWA C115/A21.15 for flanged pipe and AWWA C110/A21.10 and AWWA C153/A21.53for fittings.

3. All joints, valves, and hardware on buried ductile iron pipe shall be field coated with a minimum 12-mil-thick approved thixotropic coal-tar coating T. C. Mastic by Tapecoat Company; Bitumastic No. 300M by Carboline; Or Equal.

4. All buried pipe, joints, fittings, and valves shall be completely encased in 8-mil- thick polyethylene tubing with taped joints per AWWA C105/A21.5.

5. Exposed pipe shall be shop painted with a minimum 3-mil-thick high–build epoxy compatible with the coating specified in Section 09800, Protective Coating, and shall not be coated with asphaltic coating.

6. Fittings shall be lined and coated the same as the attached piping. B. Cement Mortar Lining:

1. Cement mortar lining shall be in accordance with AWWA C104/A21.4. Lining shall be applied to bare metal.

2. Repair mortar shall be in conformance with AWWA C104/A21.4 and the following formula:

a. Cement mortar mix by volume: (1) 3 parts Portland cement. (2) 2 parts clean sand.

(3) Necessary clean water for 5- to 8-inch slump.

b. Sand shall be clean, free of clay, and screened through a No. 20 screen.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 GENERAL

A. All ductile iron pipe and fittings shall be delivered, handled, and installed in accordance with the applicable provisions of AWWA C600 and Section 15000, Piping, General, Part 3.

B. Excavation and backfilling shall be in accordance with Section 02200, Earthwork.

C. Pipe shall not be stacked higher than the limits shown in Table 1 of AWWA C600. The bottom tier shall be kept off the ground on timbers, rails, or concrete.

3.2 INSPECTION

A. Pipe and fittings shall be carefully examined for cracks and other defects immediately before installation; spigot ends shall be examined with particular care. All defective pipe and fittings shall be removed from the site of the Work.

3.3 PREPARATION

A. The interior of all pipe and fittings shall be thoroughly cleaned of all foreign matter prior to installation. Before jointing, all joint contact surfaces shall be wire brushed if necessary, wiped clean, and kept clean until jointing is completed.

B. Precautions shall be taken to prevent foreign material from entering the pipe during installation. Debris, tools, clothing, or other objects shall not be placed in or allowed to enter the pipe.

3.4 REPAIR OF CEMENT MORTAR LINING

A. When accepted and witnessed by the ENGINEER, small and readily accessible damaged areas of cement mortar lining may be repaired in conformance with AWWA C104/A21.4 and the following:

1. Cut out the damaged lining to the metal, with square edges.

2. Thoroughly wet the cut out area and adjoining lining.

3. With the damaged area cleaned and the adjoining lining wet, spread the mortar evenly over the area to be patched.

4. After the lining patch has become firm and adheres well to the surface, finish it with a wet 3- or 4-inch paint brush or similar soft bristle brush.

5. The repaired lining shall be kept moist by tying canvas and wet burlap over the ends of the pipe or fitting for 24 hours.

6. After the lining patch is dry and hard, the asphaltic coating shall be replaced using approved coating material.

3.5 ALIGNMENT

A. Deflections from a straight line or grade shall not exceed the values stipulated in Table 5 of AWWA C600, unless specially designed approved bells and spigots are provided.

3.6 LAYING PIPE

A. Pipe shall be installed according to the applicable requirements of Section 15000, Piping, General, and as otherwise indicated in the Contract Documents.

B. All lumps, blisters, and excess coating shall be removed from the socket and plain ends of each pipe, and the outside of the plain end and the inside of the bell shall be wiped clean and dry and be free from dirt, sand, grit, or any foreign materials before the pipe is laid.

C. Joints shall be clean. If any lubricated part touches soil or is otherwise contaminated, completely clean and relubricate the joint before making it. Bells may face either direction.

D. At times when pipe laying is not in progress, the open ends of pipe shall be closed by a watertight plug or other means accepted by the ENGINEER. The plug shall be fitted with a means for venting. Prior to removal of the plug, care shall be taken to prevent pipe flotation should the trench fill with water.

E. A flexible coupling shall be installed where ductile iron pipe penetrates an outer wall of a structure and at the edge of the structure excavation where the pipe trench leaves undisturbed ground. Pipes through fill areas shall be supported at intervals of not over 10 feet.

F. All subgrade shall have compaction tests taken and be subject to ENGINEER's acceptance prior to pipe installation.

G. Remove soil around joint locations to allow for coal tar joint coating and taping of polyethylene encasement.

H. Polyethylene encasement shall cover all buried pipe and fittings.

I. Following installation and before backfill or encasement, all joints, including fasteners, in buried piping shall be thoroughly coated with a minimum of 12 mils of approved coal tar coating.

3.7 GROOVED END JOINTS

A. Grooved-end pipe and fittings shall not be used underground or underwater unless indicated otherwise on the Contract Documents. Grooved-end pipe shall not be used for systems that may be steamed, or for any piping systems at temperatures above 100 degrees F. All grooved-end fittings used shall be the product of the same manufacturer.

B. When specified or indicated on the Drawings, grooved end fittings and couplings shall be installed in accordance with AWWA C606 and the manufacturer's recommendations and instructions.

C. Completed joints in piping above grade or within tunnels, galleries or buildings shall be rigid and shall not allow angular deflection or longitudinal movement.

D. Except for closure pieces accepted by the ENGINEER, field grooving of pipe will not be permitted.

1. All field grooving allowed will be in strict accordance with AWWA C606.

2. Only grooving tools designed for cut-grooving of ductile iron pipe will be allowed for field grooving. Roll-grooving of field grooved pipe will not be allowed.

3. Cut-grooving tools shall be designed to be driven around a stationary pipe, shall have integral pipe stop to provide proper groove depth, and stops in the tool to provide proper dimension from the pipe end to the groove.

4. Prior to beginning field grooving operations, the CONTRACTOR shall submit for acceptance the grooving tools intended for use.

5. All field grooving shall be done in the presence of the ENGINEER and be subject to ENGINEER's acceptance.

E. The outside surface of the pipe between the groove and the pipe end shall be smooth and free from deep pits or swells.

F. All rust, loose scale, oil, grease, and dirt shall be removed prior to installation of the coupler.

G. Grooved pipe and fitting ends shall be lightly coated with lubricant approved by the coupling manufacturer prior to placing the gasket.

H. Grooved-end pipe shall be supported in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations. In addition, the pipe shall be supported between any two couplings.

I. Joints shall be wrapped with a minimum of 40 mils of approved pipe tape wrap.

3.8 MECHANICAL JOINTS

A. When specified or indicated on the Drawings, mechanical joints shall be carefully assembled in accordance with AWWA C110/A21.10 and AWWA C111/A21.11, manufacturer's recommendations and as follows:

1. Wipe clean the socket and the plain end. Lubrication and additional cleaning shall be provided by brushing both the gasket and plain end with soapy water or an approved pipe lubricant, just prior to slipping the gasket onto the plain end for joint assembly. Place the gland on the plain end with the lip extension toward the plain end, followed by the gasket with the narrow edge of the gasket toward the plain end.

2. Insert the pipe into the socket and press the gasket firmly and evenly into the gasket recess. Keep the joint straight during assembly.

3. Push the gland toward the socket and center it around the pipe with the gland lip against the gasket. Insert bolts and hand tighten nuts. Make deflection after joint assembly but before tightening bolts.

4. Tighten the bolts to the normal range of bolt torque as indicated in the table below while at all times maintaining approximately the same distance between the gland and the face of the flange at all points around the socket. This can be accomplished by partially tightening the bottom bolt first, then the top bolt, next the bolts at either side, finally the remaining bolts. Repeat the process until all bolts are within the appropriate range of torque. In large sizes (30 inches through 48 inches), five or more repetitions may be required.

Mechanical Joint Bolt Torque
Pipe Size (inches)	Bolt Size (inches)	Range of Torque (ft – lb)
4 – 24	3/4	75 – 90
30 – 36	1	100 – 120
42 – 48	1-1/4	120 – 150

5. If effective seating is not obtained, the joint shall be disassembled, thoroughly cleaned, and reassembled.

6. Over tightening of bolts to compensate for poor installation will not be permitted. B. Holes in mechanical joints with tie rods shall be carefully aligned to permit installation

of the tie rods.

C. In flange and mechanical joint pieces, holes in the mechanical joint bells and the flanges shall straddle the top (or side for vertical piping) centerline. The top centerline shall be marked on each flange and mechanical joint piece at the foundry.

D. Minimum Number of Tie Rods:

Pipe Size (inches)
3, 4, 6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
42
48

3.9 PUSH-ON JOINTS

A. When specified or indicated on the Drawings, joints shall be installed in conformance with AWWA C111/A21.11 and the pipe manufacturer's instructions and recommendations for proper jointing operations.

B. Cut ends and rough edges shall be ground smooth, and for push-on joint connections, the cut end shall be beveled by methods recommended by the manufacturer and be subject to ENGINEER's acceptance.

C. Thoroughly clean the groove and the bell socket of the pipe or fitting; also clean the plain end of the mating pipe. Make sure the gasket faces the correct direction and that it is properly seated.

D. All joint surfaces shall be properly lubricated with approved heavy vegetable soap solution in accordance with the pipe manufacturer's recommendations, immediately before the joint is completed.

E. Lubricant shall be suitable for use in potable water, shall be stored in closed containers, and shall be kept clean at all times.

F. Push the plain end into the bell socket of the mating pipe. Keep the joint straight while pushing. Make deflection after the joint is assembled

3.10 FLANGED JOINTS

A. When specified or indicated on the Drawings, flanges shall conform to ASME B16.1 and B21.10.

B. Bolts shall be tightened gradually and at a uniform rate to facilitate uniform gasket compression.

C. Care shall be taken when connecting to pumping equipment to insure that pipe stresses are not transmitted to the pump flanges.

D. All flanged piping connecting to pumping equipment shall be permanently supported so that accurate matching of bolt holes and uniform contact over the entire surface of abutting pump and piping flanges are obtained before the installation of any bolts in these flanges.

E. Pump connection piping shall be free to move parallel to its longitudinal centerline while the bolts are being tightened.

F. Each pump shall be leveled, aligned, and placed into position, but shall not be grouted until the initial fit-up and alignment of the pipe is completed.

G. Each pump shall be grouted before final bolting of the connecting piping.

3.11 FLANGED COUPLING ADAPTERS

A. When specified or indicated on the Drawings, flanged coupling adapters shall be installed in strict accordance with manufacturer's recommendations and instructions.

3.12 SLEEVE-TYPE COUPLINGS

A. When specified or indicated on the Drawings, mechanical couplings shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and instructions.

B. A space of at least 1/4 inch, and not more than 1 inch, shall be left between the pipe ends.

C. All assembly bolts shall be uniformly tightened so that the coupling is free from leaks and all parts of the coupling are square and symmetrical with the pipe.

D. Following installation of the coupling, damaged areas of shop coatings of the pipe and coupling shall be repaired. The repair shall be subject to acceptance by the ENGINEER.

3.13 WALL CASTINGS

A. Unless otherwise specified or indicated on the Drawings, wall castings shall be provided where ductile iron pipe passes through concrete walls.

B. A flexible coupling shall be installed close to the wall outside a structure.

C. Where a flange and mechanical joint piece is to connect to a mechanical joint wall casting, the bolt holes in the bell of the wall casting shall straddle the top (or side for vertical piping) center line of the casting and shall align with the bolt holes in the flange and mechanical joint piece. The top centerline shall be marked on the wall casting at the foundry.

D. When specified or indicated on the Drawings, all wall castings other than flush mounted castings and wall sleeves shall be standard mechanical joint flanged joints as indicated.

E. When specified or indicated on the Drawings, bells on flush mounted wall castings and wall sleeves shall be mechanical joint type with tapped holes for tie rods or stud bolts.

3.14 REDUCERS

A. Reducers, adjacent to flowmeters and pumps or in other locations as specified or indicated on the Drawings, shall be eccentric pattern, installed with the straight side on top so that air traps are not formed. All other reducers shall be concentric pattern.

3.15 OUTLETS

A. Where a 12-inch or smaller branch outlet is specified or indicated on the Drawings, and the diameter of the line pipe is at least twice the diameter of the branch, either a tee or factory welded-on boss shall be used.

B. Connections of gauges to 6 inches and smaller pipe shall be made using a tee complete with blind flange drilled and tapped to accept the gauge piping specified.

C. Connections of gauges to 8 inches and larger piping shall be made by means of a factory welded-on boss.

D. Tapping saddles shall be used for "hot taps" in specified instances or as shown on the Drawings. Use of tapping saddles shall be subject to a written acceptance by the ENGINEER prior to use in every instance.

3.16 CONNECTIONS TO EXISTING PIPING

A. Connections between new Work and existing piping shall be made using fittings submitted and be subject to ENGINEER's acceptance for each separate condition encountered.

B. Each connection to existing pipe shall be made at a time and under conditions that will least impact normal plant operations, and as authorized in writing by the ENGINEER.

C. The CONTRACTOR is responsible for making provisions for cutting of existing pipe when necessary, using approved mechanical means. Flame cutting of pipe will not be allowed.

D. The CONTRACTOR is responsible for making provisions for dewatering existing lines and for disposal of water from the dewatering operation.

E. Prior to construction, the CONTRACTOR shall submit for review and acceptance detailed procedures for pressure testing and the making of final connections to existing lines.

3.17 REACTION ANCHORAGE

A. All buried piping subject to internal pressures shall have restrained joints.

B. All piping with mechanical couplings or mechanical joints subject to internal pressure shall be anchored to prevent separation of joints.

C. All mechanical joint tees, y-branches, bends deflecting 22-1/2 degrees or more, and plugs that are installed in piping shall be provided with approved retainer glands.

3.18 PRESSURE AND LEAKAGE TESTING

A. Pressure testing shall be in accordance with Section 15000, Piping, General.